Introduction

Since the authors’ early years of experience (1969-1977) as full-time translator of different types of texts dealing with physical education, sport and sports sciences, until her present functions in the position of head of the Documentation and Information Center of the Higher Sports Council of Spain, one problem has kept her concerned constinuously: the lack of up-to-date monolingual and multilingual terminological resources (dictionaries, terminological databases, classification systems, thesauri) including Spanish in such a complex and multidisciplinary area as Sport.

Translation of Sports Related Texts in Spain During the Seventies

During 30 years of professional engagement in activities concerning sports science, sports documentation and information including translation and publication of sports related texts, the first time the author got across problems arising from the lack of a controlled terminology in the field was during the period as full-time translator (1969-1977) of texts dealing different types of texts dealing with physical education, sport and sports sciences at a public documentation and translation office belonging to the Instituto Nacional de Educación Física (= INEF) of Madrid.

The lack of original scientific and technical literature by native or Spanish speaking authors from other countries at that time together with the deficient degree of competence in foreign languages of students and professionals working in the field of physical education and sport had led to the creation of a specialized translation service at the said Institute employing an average of seven full-time translators covering nine languages.

Besides a relatively small number of books, mainly articles published in the worldwide most prestigious sports periodicals selected by the teaching staff or other qualified experts, as well as conferences and lectures were translated and used as teaching and training material or as literature for research activities. Most of the of the translated articles were published in a series titles "Novedades en..." edited and distributed by the INEF, generally without mentioning the translator’s name.

At that time, little specific lexicographical and terminological resources including the Spanish language were available, wherefore the translators had to use other aids such as parallel texts existing in Spanish or consult experts in the different sports or theoretic sports related disciplines.

Parallel texts by native authors were hardly available for many sports disciplines and or sports sciences, and in any case they generally reflected the lack of controlled terminology. Subject experts were physically near, but consulting them often turned out to be a disappointing solution. Most of them had little knowledge of any foreign language – or none at all, - but many of them even had insufficient competence in their own mother tongue. Even nowadays, when these aspects have improved, the subject experts in the field of sport and physical education still show a very low degree of comprehension for linguistic matters and interest in terminological problems. An explanation for this very often given by the expert to the translator’s question: "How would you describe this movement in words to your students?" is: "I don’t need to explain in words, I just show them how to do it." However this easy way out of the problem is not a solution when teaching or conference material has to be presented in the form of written text.

The translators employed by the INEF usually had an advanced level of competence in the languages they worked with, and along the years became highly qualified in the translation of specific texts. Of course, it is impossible to ever become an overall expert in the specific terminology in such a big and complex domain as sport. Their professional and economical situation was rather acceptable in the first years. Quality of translation was considered prior to urgency.

Unfortunately the sources and solutions found by the translators, as well as skills developed during their long years of professional experience were not registered and documented in a systematic way, nor analized and elaborated for future purposes or the production of new resources. This was partially due to the translators’ lack of competence in terminological methodology and also to the fact that only in the eighties, the central sports administration began very timidly to introduce modern technology as computers.

Sports Terminology in Spain since the Beginning of Democracy

Like in all other areas, the democratic era initiated in Spain at the end of the brought thorough changes also for the sports administration, structure and functioning, especially since the General Law on Physical Culture and Sport of 1980 came into force. The training system of physical education teachers had to undergo a series of revisions and reforms, until it became fully integrated into the general system of higher education, both with regard to the academic aspect as to the organization and the dependency of the training institutions.

In the course of the changes introduced in the administrative structure and academic programme of the INEF, translation activities gradually decreased towards the end of the seventies, and the team of experienced translators began disintegrating as a result of their deteriorating professional situation.

Nevertheless one ambitious international project where collaborators of the INEF’s translation team became envolved at that time deserves to be mentioned: the attempt of construction of a multilingual Sports Thesaurus, in which a Working Commission of the International Association for Sports Information (IASI) invested long years of work mainly supported by organizations and experts from the German speaking countries. The International Commission, chaired by followers of the Vienna School of Terminology, spent remarkable efforts in analysing the conceptual structure(s) of the complex field of sport - in a too many languages -, elaborating models and recommendations for the control and standardization of sports terminology, and constructing microthesauri in various sports disciplines and sciences.

However due to the lack of financial support, inadequete composition of the team but also a deficient organization of work, progress was too slow for the technological advance and the potential users’ demand for quickly disposing of a utilizable working tool. The project had to be cancelled before the end of the eighties, and the International Commission relieved by a constant working group at first concentrating in the construction of an English Thesaurus - "Sport Thesaurus" - , used since then by the Sport Information Resource Centre (SIRC) in Ottawa and its collaborating Documentation Centers for the production of the well known bibliographical Sport Data Base .

As for sports documentation and information activities, the INEF of Madrid kept its important Sports Library, but other tasks carried out before were either progressively reduced, reorientated or taken over by a new Institution created within the structure of the Higher Sports Council of Spain . After several changes it adopted in February this year the present name of Centro de Alto Rendimiento y de Investigación en Ciencias del Deporte (CARICD).

The CARICD’s main objective is to promote and support sports research and give specialized services to top level sport. Its structure and functioning has been continuously adapting to the changing needs in its priority fields of actions. These include specific tasks and services in the field of documentation and information for sports policy makers, sports managers, professionals involved in top level sport, and sports research, with special attention to the priority areas established by the Higher Sports Council or deriving from its international relations. The growing demand of this kind of services led to the creation of the Sports Documentation and Information Center in 1990 as a special unit within the CARICD.

This Center is also responsible for the coordination of the editorial programme of the Higher Sports Council, including the analysis, selection, translation or adaptation of documents and working papers of International Organizations, but also conference papers and books. Due to the limited staff of the unit, translation of longer texts, such as books, has to be entrusted either to collaborating partners willing to bear the effort and the costs, or by contracting private enterprises or free-lance translators.

Contracting private enterprises or free-lance translators, a process subject to public calls, is very risky as generally the contract is signed with the most economical tender. In the case of private enterprises supposed to offer special services, there is no possibility of contactd nor control of the person(s) to whom the translation will be commissioned, and the quality of the products varies a lot.

As for the resources available in the field of sport to facilitate the work of the translator , but as well in the case of other related professional activities involving linguistic and terminological problems (e.g. technical writing, documentation) the situation did not improve much during the eighties in spite of the constantly growing attention given to the physical and sports activities.

The function of sport has been undergoing important changes in modern society and goes on adapting to new demands and expectations. This is true for Europe in general, but particularly for Spain, where later on the perspective of the 1992 Olympic Games constituted a significant stimulous to both high level performance and sport for all.

Whether one considers sport mainly as competitive activity, a big show business or rather leisure activity, as an important economic sector or a phenomenon likely to improve understanding, tolerance and social cohesion, sports language – and particularly sports terminology is also constantly changing. But teachers, professionals and even researchers in the field of sport still do not seem to be aware of it.

The lack of a developed and controlled of terminology is nowadays recognized as an obstacle for communication and transfer of knowledge in any domain. Therefore subject experts and professionals in the field of Physical Education and Sport should be the first interested in the study, development and standardization of the specific terminology they need to be successful in professional communication. However in Spain, it seems that mainly the professionals working at specialized libraries and documentation centers and the specialized translators are fully aware of the disadvantage the lack of a Sports Thesaurus at least in one of the official languages and and of up-to-date plurilingual dictionaries means for their daily work and for the quality of their products. To develop such tools, they would need the cooperation of experts in different disciplines.

On the other hand, occasional initiatives incited by the concern of some individuals, like seminars on sports language as LSP, dictionary projects , terminological databases , thesauri have not yet found a resolute and lasting interest and support by the bodies responsible for sports administration and management. Very often the reason is that the costs of these activities are being considered to high.

The situation in teaching and research institutions is very similar. The small number of doctoral theses presented in Spanish Universities dealing with sports language or terminology reflects the little interest linguistic or philological departments have given to this domain. Only ten have been localized by our Documentation and Information Service for the last 26 years, and they generally follow a rather traditional philological approach

The Higher Sports Council and Sports Terminology

1. Situation in the eighties

Since its creation in 1980 the CARICD of the Higher Sports Council has made efforts to contribute to the stimulation and promotion of research on sports language and terminology and the creation of terminological tools which deserve to be mentioned, taking in account its limited possibilities.

Research within the CARICD involving its own experts in fields such as documentation, translation and terminology, but also subject experts in some specific areas, has so far been limited as the number of staff is very reduced.

The CARICD represents the Higher Sports Council in the Interministerial Commission for Science and Technology and is involved in programmes and actions concerning sports science and research within the National Plan of Scientific Research and Technological Development approved every four years, as a result of the 1986 Law of General Promotion and Coordination of Scientific and Technological Research. It is also responsible for the Sports Council=s own actions and programmes of support and promotion to research.

Consequently, the CARICD has developed several important lines of action promoting cooperation by bringing together experts from other institutions like universities and scientific associations in different parts of Spain, organizing and supporting programmes for the training of specialists and publication of the results of these scientific and research activities.

2. Progress During theNineties: Documentation and Terminology among the Priority Areas

Already some years ago, sports documentation, LSP and terminology related topics have been repeatedly included among the priority subjects established in the yearly calls for research projects, doctoral theses and other scientific activities to be carried out by University Departments or by non profit making scientific associations with a grant by the Higher Sports Council.It is true that up to now the number of projects presented in these areas was very small. Most of them did not meet the necessary level to be supported mainly because of an inadequate composition and qualification of the researchers team, inappropriate methodology or estimation of costs involved going beyond the limits of the grants established.

Another action of the CARICD consists in offering a postgraduate programme of practical training and specialization in different fields of Sports Science including sports documentation and information. Applying models already working in other areas and disciplines, the CARICD implemented this programme in 1988. Since then, public announcements to apply for scholarships have been convoked every year (Schwarz 1997). The first time two scholars where accepted at the Sports Documentation and Information Center created the year before was in 1991, one year after this unit had been created.

Sports Terminology at University and Regional Organizations

On the level of higher education, only few examples can be given during the eigthies, for departments - mainly translator training centers - showing some willingness to promote research in the field of sports terminology . The Instituto Universitario de Lenguas Modernas y Traductores (IULMyT) of the Madrid Universitas Complutensis ventured a first Seminar on Sports Terminology and Translation Problems, organized in collaboration with the Higher Sports Council, the INEF-Madrid and the Spanish Olympic Committee in 1990. This experience has not been repeated. And none of the students of the Master in Translation’s programme is yet known for having specialized in translation of sports related texts or in sports terminology.

In 1993 the IULMyT introduced Terminology as a subject in the syllabus of the "Master in Translation", thanks to the collaboration with experts from the CINDOC – Higher Council for Scientific Research, and particularly the prestigious Dr. Amelia de Irazazábal. As a matter of fact, nowadays all Spanish Faculties for Translation and Institutes of Applied Linguistics offer training in Terminology.

In the field of sports dictionaries and terminology resources, remakable efforts have been undertaken by organizations and institutions depending on regional bodies within the autonomous Communities, and mainly with the aim of standardizing official languages spoken in the Spanish State other than the ‘Castilian’ Spanish. This is the case of TERMCAT for the Catalan, and UZEI for the Basque

Another regional institution dedicated to Sport, the Instituto Andaluz del Deporte (IAD) has to be mentioned for the tremendous effort made in translating and including the Spanish Language in the 1992 edition of the Dictionary of Sport Science by Röthig, P.; Becker, H., Carl, K. and Kayser, D. (eds.) originally edited in 1987 in Germany under the direction of Beier, E. in German, English and French. The IAD is also translating parts of the SIRC’s "Sport Thesaurus" into Spanish

As a matter of fact, several attempts have been made in Spain troughout the years to translate and adapt SportsThesauri or semi-systematic lists of descriptors available in other languages (German, English, French). However the results were often unsatisfactory or the projects were abandoned , mainly due to the lack of time and resources the participants involved could dedicate to this activity when working at the promoting public organizations. In spite of the willingness of professionals working at different organizations and institutions, it has not yet been possible to set up a multidisciplinary working group able to develop a Sports Thesaurus in Spanish.

New iniciatives in the Nineties and Proposals for Future Action

Since the author has taken over her present function as head of the Sports Documentation and Information Center created in 1990 at the CARICD, important progress can be observed thanks to the increasing attention terminology is receiving as a new discipline able to provide useful solutions and tools to other related disciplines and fields of human activity.

In Spain, public administration still needs to be sensitized in a higher degree so as to get more involved in terminological activities or at least promote and support work being carried out by different associations, institutions and researchers. Fortunately there is an increasing trend towards abandoning isolated work and developing team work.

In the field of Sports Terminology, the before mentioned actions promoted by the Higher Sports Council of Spain, and growing cooperation have allowed to design and develop some interesting new projects.

Thanks to a grant to the University of Granada, a project aiming at creating a specific classification system for Sports Science is being carried out by the Faculty for Physical Activity and Sports Science and the Faculty for Documentation (Delgado Noguera, M.A. 1999).

As a result of a survey on the situation of Sports Research in Spain, promoted and supported by the CARICD, who also published the results in 1998 in the "Libro Blanco I+D en el deporte", new actions are being set upo with the general aim of improving applicability of the results of research.

This year the CARICD is setting up groups of experts in various fields. Meetings are organized to strengthen existing cooperation, involve new institutions and experts, and promote new initiatives according to the recommendations given in the before mentioned publication.

One of the groups set up met in April 1999 and concentrated on Sports Documentation and Information as well as Sports Terminology and Sports Language as LSP.

On this occasion, the Documentation and Information Center of the CARICD presented two projects it had designed or started recently with its own staff in the hope of finding collaboration and support.

One project aims at the construction of a microthesaurus in the field of Doping control. Here collaboration is expected by experts working "next door" at the Higher Sports Council’s Laboratory for Doping Control. Such a thesaurus should at least be bilingual (Spanish-English) in a first phase.

The second project might attract the attention of participants in the EAFT conference: creation of a special section within the Library of the CARICD dedicated to sports terminology resources and implementation of a documentation and information service specifically on these resources.

In 1998 the Sports Documentation and Information Center of the CARICD started retrieving, analizing and documenting sports terminology resources available in different formats, sources and places. Special attention is of course given to those which include the languages spoken in the Spanish State.

At this first stage, we are mainly interested in localizing existing resources or on-going projects such as dictionaries, terminology collections, terminological databases, thesauri, as well as doctoral theses and dissertations. Up to now mainly the major bibliographical databases on technical and scientific sports literature have been analized and we have also started searching for resources available on the Internet. A selection of the most interesting references retrieved have been compiles in a first inventory (Schwarz, E. & Rollán, A. 1999)

The sources we have localized and analyzed so far contain a lot of information of different types, formats, content and utility. As for lexicographical and terminological products , monolingual (Spanish or other languages spoken in the Spanish State) dictionaries, vocabularies or glossaries, are small in number, limited to a very small number of sports. This is also the case of part of the twenty bilingual or multilingual sports dictionaries including Spanish, some of them being outdated or of dubious quality for the use in Spain, e.g. those having been produced outside.

There is an incredible number of references likely to include "hidden" glossaries or terminology lists

There is a lot of work to be done to analyze, classify and organize the amount of information scattered all over the world.

In Spain no Documentation Center specialized in Sports Terminology Resources existed, and as far as we know, none of the International Terminology Documentation Centers and Institutions specialize in the field of Sport, although they may have valuable documents or references as in the case of the Infoterm Databases.

The creation of the Asociación Española de Terminología (AETER) in 1998 together with the important iniciatives being developed in recent years in response to the POINTER recommendations, as the 1999 EAFT conference, are giving new stimuli to continue with these projects. Besides collaborators inside and outside Spain, we also hope that these organizations will help us to organize the information and find a way to make it accesible in order to be reused for the elaboration of new updated resources meeting the requirements of today’s users.

Cooperation might make it possible to delevlop further actions and projects such as: introduction of a subject "Sports language as LSP" in the syllabus of the training institutions in the field of Physical Education and Sports Science; seminars on "Sports language as LSP" and "Sports terminology" in translators’ training programmes; courses and seminars on Sports Terminology designed for the specific needs of different professional groups (e. g. Mass media, Sports Policy and Management); introductory seminars on Methodology of Terminology Work in Sports Organizations and Institutions dedicated to Research or Documentation; inclusion of Sports Terminology (and specifically Sports Terminology Resoursces) in the list of priority subjects of public calls for projects and tenders to be financed by national or European Funds; creation of working groups composed of experts in the different disciplines for the study, control and standardization of Sports Terminology, etc.

Bibliographic References:

- Castañón Rodríguez, J. (1999 a): Idioma y deporte. Valladolid.

- Castañón Rodríguez, J. (1999 b). Reflexiones sobre Terminología deportiva. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Scientific Group "Sports Documentation and Information", Madrid, 22/04/1999.

- Consejo de Europa ; Ministerio de Educación y Cultura; Consejo Superior de Deportes [eds], (1996): La función del deporte en la sociedad. Salud, socialización, economía. (Translation of the original edition by the Council of Europe "The significance of sport for society – Health, socialization, economy."ISBN: 92-871-2715-6)

- Delgado Noguera, M.A. (1999): Proyecto: Taxonomía y clasificación de las ciencias de la actividad física y el Deporte (CARICD). Paper presented at the Meeting of the Scientific Group "Sports Documentation and Information", Madrid, 22/04/1999. (Ongoing research project being carried out by the Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci´n Física y el Deporte and Facultad de Biblioteconomía, University of Granada, with a grant by the Higher Sports Council)

- European Terminology Information Server - ETIS (1999): In: http://www.unilat.org/dtil/etis/es/questce.htm

- HEPP, F. (ed) 1962): Sportwörterbuch in sieben Sprachen (IN, DE, FR, ES, IT., RU, UN.). Budapest Berlin, Terra-Sportverlag, 1962

- Inforterm Databases. URL: http://www.infoterm.or.at/webis/webis.htm

- Ministerio de Educación y Cultura; Ministerio de Industria y Energía [eds] (1998): LIBRO BLANCO I+D. Madrid.

- Pointer Final Report. (1966). (http://www.surrey.ac.uk/MCS/AI/pointer)

- Romero, D. Schwarz, E. (1979): ‘Hacia un Thesaurus multilingüe en el deporte. In: DEPORTE 2000, INEF, Madrid; XI, 1979, Agosto: 13-15.

- Schwarz, E. (1980): Terminología Deportiva. Características y problemas en el área de habla española. paper presented at: 1ªConferencia sobre Documentación e Información en Latinoamérica, Medellín, Colombia, 1980: 04/02 a 08/02.

- Schwarz, E. (1985): Reflexiones en torno al proyecto de construcción de un Thesaurus multilingüe del deporte. In: Ciencia y Deporte, Madrid: 1985, 1, 2, agosto-septiembre y 1, 3, octubre-noviembre: 22- 31 y 35-41.

- Schwarz, E. (1989) : La Asociación Internacional de Información Deportiva (I.A.S.I.) y la colaboración española,. In: Revista de Investigación y Documentación sobre las Ciencias de la Educación Física y del Deporte, Madrid. ICEFYD; 1989, V, 12/13: 73-85.

- Schwarz, E. (1990): Traducción de textos sectoriales: importancia de la terminología. In: (Actas de los) II Encuentros Complutenses en torno a la traducción, celebrados en el IULMT, 12/12 a 16/12.1988, Madrid , Raders, Margit; Conesa Juan/IULMT (ed.) Madrid. IULMT

- Schwarz, E.; Irazazábal-Nerpell, A. de (1992): Las Bases de Datos terminológicas como ayuda al traductor. In : Actas de los III Encuentros Complutenses en torno a la traducción, celebrados en el IULMT, Madrid, 02/04 a 06/04.1990 , Raders, Margit; Sevilla Julia/IULMT [eds] Madrid: Editorial Complutensis. 301-317,.

- Schwarz, E. (1997): Design and creation of a National Sports Research Projects Data Base using CDS-Micro-ISIS. Paper presented at the 9ð1 Congreso Científico: "Información Deportiva en los años noventa"/ Asamblea General de la IASI, Roma, Italia, 1993: 05/06 a 12/06.

- Schwarz, E. (1997): CDS-Micro-ISIS de UNESCO. Posibilidades de participación en proyectos de terminología nacionales e internacionales utilizando sus diseños y aplicaciones. In: La palabra vertida. Investigaciones en torno a la Traducción. Acta de los VI Encuentros Complutenses en torno a la traducción. Vega, M.A. y Martín-Gaitero, R. (eds) /IULMT, Madrid: Editorial Complutense:. 733-748

- Schwarz, E. (1995): Política de información en el marco de la política deportiva de España y del ámbito internacional. Unisport: El deporte hacia el siglo XXI. Málaga: UNISPORT. Junta de Andalucía (ed). 244-250

- Schwarz. E. (1997): Practical Training and Specialization in the Field of Sports Documentation and Information at the National Centre for Sports Information - Higher Sports Council of Spain. In: Actes 10e Congrès Scientifique Paris 1997, Association Internationale pour lð=Information Sportive. INSEP publications, IASI 1997. 251-258

- Schwarz, E. (1999): Recursos terminológicos disponibles en el ámbito del deporte. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Scientific Group "Sports Documentation and Information", Madrid. 22/04/1999.

- Schwarz, E.; Rollán, A. (eds) (1999): Catálogo de Recursos Terminológicos en el Ambito del Deporte. Cendid, CARICD, CSD. Internal Catalogue at the disposal of users at the Library of the CARICD.

- Spordoc (1997): Thesaurus Heracles. Spordoc. Paris

- Sport Thesaurus: 1994 edition: the thesaurus of terminology used in the Sport Data Base. Sport Information Resource Center , Gloucester, 1994.

- Sport Information Resource Center; Sportdoc (eds): SPORT Discus (1975-1999/06). ATLANTES (1980-1996). HERACLES (1975-1997). Catalogue du Musée Olympique (1830-1996), Silver Platter. (4 bibliographic databases on 2 CD-ROMs).

- Thesaurus sport, códigos temáticos. UNISPORT. Málaga. 1992.

Publications by the Council of Europe Translated and Edited in Spanish by the Higher Sports Council of Spain:

- Carta Europea del deporte y Código de ética deportiva. Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Consejo de Europa (CDDS), Madrid 1996..

- Collection: "El trabajo del Consejo de Europa en materia del Deporte …" Vol. I to VI. Consejo de Europa, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Consejo Superior de Deportes, 1994- 1997. Translation of the original editions by the Council of Europe "The Council of Europe’s Work on Sport 1967….1997"):

• El trabajo del Consejo de Europa en materia del Deporte 1967-1991. Vol. I. Textos políticos y jurídicos. Consejo de Europa, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, 1994.

• El trabajo del Consejo de Europa en materia del Deporte 1967-1991. Vol. II. Trabajos generales. Consejo de Europa, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, 1994.

• El trabajo del Consejo de Europa en materia del Deporte 1992-1993. Vol. III. Textos políticos y jurídicos. Trabajos generales. Consejo de Europa, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid,1995.

• El trabajo del Consejo de Europa en materia del Deporte 1994. Vol. IV. Textos políticos y jurídicos. Trabajos generales. Consejo de Europa, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid,1995.

• El trabajo del Consejo de Europa en materia del Deporte 1995. Textos políticos y jurídicos. Trabajos generales. Vol. V. Consejo de Europa, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, 1996-
• El trabajo del Consejo de Europa en materia del Deporte 1996-1997. Vol. VI. Consejo de Europa, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, 1998.

• Eurofit: test europeo de aptitud física (niños y jóvenes). Consejo de Europa. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, 1992

• Eurofit para adultos. Evaluación de la aptitud física en relación con la salud. Consejo de Europa. Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid, 1998.

• La función del deporte en la sociedad. Salud, socialización, economía. Consejo de Europa, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Madrid. 1996(Translation of the original title in English "The significance of sport for society – Health, socialization, economy.", ISBN: 92-871-2715-6 , and "Le rôle du sport dans la societé – Santé, socialisation, économie.", ISBN: 92-871-2715-8, edited by the Council of Europe)

• Los jóvenes y el deporte y La participación de los jóvenes en el deporte de alto nivel. Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Consejo de Europa (CDDS), Madrid, 1997.

Sports Terminology Resources in Spanish (or including Spanish):

a) Doctoral Theses Presented at Spanish Universities

- Cabeza Cerrato, M.A. (1997): Los anglicismos en la prensa comercial del mundo hispanohablante. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

- Castañón Rodríguez, J. (1991): Léxico de fútbol en la prensa deportiva española : 1938-1988. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Valladolid.

- Faura Pujol, N. (1995): La innovació léxica a les croniques i les retransmissions futbolistiques. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Barcelona.

- Fernández de Barrela Sarasola, N. (1997): Extranjerismos e innovación en el español peruano actual. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Navarra.

- Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, D. (1991): Estructura y lenguaje de la crónica de fútbol. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

- Gimeno Menéndez, M.V. (1997): Análisis cuantitativo de los anglicismos léxicos en la prensa española de los Estados Unidos y de España. Universidad de Alicante.

- Hernández Alonso, N. (1996): El lenguaje de las crónicas deportivas. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de León.

- Rodríguez Díez, B. (1978): El lenguaje sectorial del ciclismo en la prensa escrita. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Oviedo.

- Trapero, M. (1976) : El campo semántico "deporte" en español. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de la Laguna.

- Vivas Holgado, J. (1991) : Análisis estructural del léxico deportivo. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Salamanca.

b) Dictionaries

Monolingual Spanish Dictionaries (a selection)

- Aeta, D. (1930) : Juegos y deportes con un diccionario de equivalencias para las familias, los establecimientos y la prensa. Santiago de Chile.

- Barbieri. A. ; Papis, O. (1993) : Terminología técnica constructiva de los deportes. Buenos Aires, CP67.

- Contreras, L. (1962) : Diccionario histórico del deporte. Santiago de Chile, Alfa.

- Escuela de Glénans (1994) : El diccionario de la navegación de recreo. Barcelona, Tutor.

- Huesca, F. (1881) : Diccionario Hípico y de sport. Madrid.

- Koch, W. (1998) : Diccionario de fútbol. Barcelona, Paidotribo.

- Lagardera Otero, Francisco (dir.) (1998): Diccionario Paidotribo de la actividad física y el deporte. Barcelona, Paidotribo.

- Mouro Santos, H. (1971): ABC … XYZ del fúbol. Barcelona, Sintes.

- Nilo, S.J. (1968): Primer diccionario de fútbol. Montevideo, Tauro.

Multilingual dictionaries incluiding Spanish

- Aquesolo Vegas, J.A. ; Rodado Ballesteros, P. ; García López, C. (1992) : Diccionario de las ciencias del deporte : Español, Alemán, Inglés = Wörterbuch der Sportwissenssenschaft : Spanish, Deutsch, English = Dictionary of Sport Science : Spanish, German, English. Málaga, Unisport.

(Spanish-German-English)

- Arias, C. (coord.) (1968): Diccionario náutico. México D.F., Comité Organizador de los Juegos de la XIX Olimpiada.

(Spanish-French-English)

- Arias, I. (dir.) (1982): Diccionario periodístico del fútbol. Madrid, Oficina de Información Diplomática.

(Spanish-French-English-Italian)

- Bañeres, E. ; Seabra, M. de ; Bonet, E. (1990): Diccionari de l’esport : català-castellà, castellà-català. Barcelona, Enciclopèdia Catalana.

(Spanish-Catalan)

- Busch, R.L. ; Bergman, H.J. (1983): Multilingual lexicon for Universiade sports: English, Français, Español, Deutsch, Russkij. Edmonton Alberta, The University of Alberta Press.

(German-Spanish-French-English, Russian)

- Fédération Internationale de Tennis de Table (1974) Table tennis terms : English, French, German, Spanish. St. Leonards-on-sea, International Table Tennis Federation.

(German-Spanish-French-English)

- Grupo Internacional de Trabajo para Instalaciones Deportivas y Recreativas (1987): Terminología sobre piscinas. Colonia.

(English-French-Spanish-German)

- Groupe International de Travail pour les Équipements de Sport et Loisirs (1981): Terminology sports centres. Köln, Iaks.

(German-Spanish-French-English)

Hepp, F. (ed.) (1960): Sports dictionary in seven languages: English-Deutsch-Español-Italiano-Français-Magyar-Ruso. Budapest, Akademiai Nyomda.

(German-Spanish-French-English, Italina, Hungarian, Russian)

- Katz, J.D. (1998): Lexique olympique multilingue. Multilingual olympic lexicon. Léxico olímpico multilingüe. Mebrsprachiges olympiches Wörterbuch. Chátel-sur-Rolle, Éditions du Goéland-Lausanne, Comité Olympique International.

(German-Spanish-French-English)

- Lanot, J.R. (1997): Lexique du sport : français-espagnol, espagnol-français. Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail.

(Spanish-French)

- Montalbetti Daniel, L. (1979): Diccionario : léxico del regatista en español, inglés, francés e italiano. Madrid, Real Federación Española de Vela.

(Spanish, English, French, Italian)

- Organisationskomitee für die Spiele der XX Olympiade in München (1972) : Langenscheidts Sportwörterbuch : Deutsch, Englisch, Französisch, Spanisch. Berlin-München, Langenscheidt.

(German-Spanish-French-English)

- TERMCAT (1991-1992): Diccionaris del sports olimpics. Barcelona, Enciclopedia Catalana.

(Catalan-Spanish-French-English)

- Terminología de la educación física y del deporte (1974). Rumania, Stadion.

(Spanish-Italian-French-German-English)

- UZEI (1994) : Atletismoa : Kirol-Hiztegiak. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Instituto Vasco de Educación Física.

(Basque-Spanish-French)

- UZEI (1994) : Futbola Kirol-Hiztegiak. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Instituto Vasco de Educación Física.

(Basque-Spanish-French)

- UZEI (1994) : Pilota Kirol-Hiztegiak. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Instituto Vasco de Educación Física.

(Basque-Spanish-French)

- Vela Valdés, M.C. : Atletics sports dictionary : English-Spanish Spanish-English

= Diccionario deportivo de atletismo. Caracas, Nega-Graf Casas.

(Spanish-English)

- Webb, B. (1994): Diccionario náutico en 8 idiomas. Barcelona, Tutor.

ADDENDUM:

Data of the author:

NAME: Erika Schwarz

Master’s degree in German Philology (Licenciada en Filología Alemana) and Postgraduate "Higher Diploma as Specialized Translator" (Diploma Superior de Traductor especializado) by the Universitas Complutensis Madrid

Main profession: Civil Servant of the Spanish Public Administration

Head of the Sports Documentation and Information Service, Higher Sports Council of Spain

Address:

E-mail: [email protected]

Second profession: Collaborating professor at the Instituto Universitario de Lenguas Modernas y Traductores, Universitas Complutensis Madrid

Address:

Professional experience:

1. Higher Sports Council of Spain:

• 1969-1978 Translator specialized in sports related texts
• 1978-1999 Different posts with functions in the field of Sports documentation and Information, Sports Research and International Relations concerning these activities (Sports Information Officer appointed by the Higher Sports Council for collaboration with the Council of Europe – CDDS, Member of the Executive Committee of IASI)

2. Teaching experience at the Universitas Complutensis Madrid (Postgraduate Programme Master in Translation) 1979-1999: Subjects: Lexicology and Semantics, Translation of German texts into Spanish. Comparative Linguistics German-Spanish, Applied Terminology

Member of the IITF (personal)

Member of AETER (personal and institutional, representing the IULMyT)